Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter and Trihalomethane Forming Potential Occurrence in Watersheds with Different Upstream Land Use

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most important natural organic matter (NOM) fraction which reacts with chlorine to form harmful trihalomethanes (THMs) in water bodies. The characteristics of DOM could be affected by land use in the catchment, hence comprehensive study to understand DOM in the water body is important. This study was conducted in two watersheds with different upper stream land use to determine: (1) water characteristics, total organic matter (TOM), and DOM quality and quantity based on optical and absorption properties; (2) fluorescence dissolved organic matter (FDOM) compounds; (3) TOM and DOM relationships; and (4) THMs forming potential (THMFP) in both watersheds. Samples were collected from the upper Cimahi and Cijanggel Rivers which are dominated by settlements and plantations, respectively. Water characteristics were determined by pH, electroconductivity (EC), nitrite, and nitrate in unfiltered and filtered samples. TOM and DOM were characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) parameters (A254, A355, A3/4), and organic compounds were determined as FDOM compounds. The measured pH, nitrate, and nitrite in the settlements-impacted watershed were greater than those in the plantations-impacted watershed. The main FDOM compounds in the settlement-impacted river were tryptophan microbial byproduct (T1) and tryptophan aromatic protein (T2), fulvic acid (A), and humic acid (C). Meanwhile, in the plantations-impacted river were T1, A, and C. THMFP was detected in both rivers which were greater in the plantations-impacted watershed than the settlements-impacted watershed

Determination of Strategy Planning of Domestic Wastewater Management System in a Commercial Area of Tasikmalaya City

The domestic wastewater in Cihideung and Tawang Subdistricts as central business district (CBD) areas in Tasikmalaya City is only served by an on-site domestic wastewater management system or Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat (SPALD-S) which could deteriorate the environment. This study aims to determine the most appropriate type, strategy, and development direction of SPALD based on the existing local conditions for the next 20 years in CBD areas in big cities such as Tasikmalaya. The two methods were used: the multicriteria decision analysis method which refers to the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR Number 04 of 2017, and the Quantitative SWOT analysis method refers to the Guidelines for Preparing a Wastewater Management System Plan. The results of the analysis show that integrated SPALD (SPALD-T) must be implemented aggressively in the two sub-districts based on the key parameters of the existing SPALD conditions, potential for soil contamination, potential danger to air receiving bodies, socio-economic characteristics of the community, public health conditions, education level, financial capability, and the availability of regulations regarding SPALD. The SPALD-T development is suggested to be carried out in stages by determining priority zones for every five years of the planning period

An Investigation of a Conventional Water Treatment Plant in Reducing Dissolved Organic Matter and Trihalomethane Formation Potential from a Tropical River Water Source

The characteristics and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trihalomethane (THM) generation during water treatment are important for producing safe drinking water. However, little information is available on this topic within the context of Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of a conventional drinking water treatment plant (WTP) in removing DOM and chloroform forming potential (CHCl3FP), and evaluate surrogate parameters for CHCl3FP. Samples were taken during the rainy season and the dry season from raw water, after secondary treatment and after the rapid sand filter. DOM was characterized based on the A254, A355, SUVA, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fluorescence DOM (FDOM) parameters. The composition of the DOM was identified using the peak picking method. Overall, from raw to finished water, the WTP performed better in the rainy season with 55.96% reduction of DOC and 63.45% reduction of A355 as compared to the dry season with 53.27% reduction of DOC and 24.18% reduction of A355.The overall removal of humic and tryptophan compounds during the rainy season was 33.33% and 37.50%, respectively. In the dry season, humic compounds were reduced by 18.80%, while tryptophan increased threefold. A355 can serve as a surrogate parameter for CHCl3FP in raw water and water after secondary treatment, containing more humic-like compounds than tryptophan-like compounds

Safe Water Brick dan Safe Water Garden Untuk Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik dan Sampah Plastik

ABSTRAKSistem sanitasi yang baik merupakan kebutuhan yang utama bagi masyarakat. Ruang lingkup sanitasi dasar meliputi ketersediaan jamban sehat, sarana air bersih yang terjangkau, pengelolaan sampah, dan saluran pembuangan air limbah. Hal tersebut perlu diperhatikan agar tidak berdampak terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Desa Nagrak merupakan salah satu daerah rural di Kabupaten Bandung yang sebagian masyarakatnya memiliki kondisi sanitasi belum layak. Selain itu, pengelolaan sampah di Desa Nagrak juga buruk karena masyarakat Desa Nagrak umumnya membakar sampah sehingga menimbulkan polusi udara. Kualitas sanitasi yang belum layak dan pengelolaan sampah yang buruk tersebut dapat berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Tujuan pemberdayaan masyarakat yang dilakukan di Desa Nagrak ini yaitu untuk menerapkan teknologi Safe Water Brick dan Safe Water Garden untuk pengelolaan air limbah domestik dan sampah plastik dengan melibatkan masyarakat. Safe Water Gardens (SWG) merupakan salah satu teknologi alternatif yang memiliki fungsi untuk menampung buangan air limbah domestik yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai air buangan yang memiliki nutrisi untuk tanaman. Pembuatan SWG tersebut akan menggunakan Safe Water Brick (SWB) sebagai bahan pengganti batu bata, dimana komponen penyusunnya terdiri dari sampah plastic, sampah kain, dan pasir yang banyak terdapat di Desa Nagrak. Manfaat pembuatan SWB agar dapat menjaga kesehatan masyarakat, mengurangi sampah, dan mengurangi potensi pembakaran sampah di Desa Nagrak. Program ini cukup menarik minat masyarakat. Masyarakat ikut serta dalam kegiatan mulai dari sosialisasi, persiapan, hingga konstruksi. Masyarakat desa saling bergotong royong dalam berbagai peran mulai dari mengawasi, membantu dengan tenaga, memberikan suplai makanan, dan bantuan bahan konstruksi. ABSTRACTA good sanitation system is a significant need for society. The scope of basic sanitation involves the availability of healthy latrines, affordable sanitary facilities of clean water, waste management, and sewage. A good sanitation system will support public health. Nagrak village is one of the Bandung Regency's rural areas, with poor sanitation. Furthermore, the people in Nagrak village are still burning their rubbish, causing air pollution. Poorly managed sanitation conditions and flawed waste management system leads to Poor quality of sanitation can bring illness to communities. This community service aims to apply Safe Water Brick technology and Safe Water Garden to manage domestic and plastic waste by involving the community. Safe Water Gardens (SWG) is one of the alternative technologies that collect domestic wastewater wastes that can be used as nutrients for plants. Another potential can be used in Nagrak village as a Safe Water Brick (SWB) substitute for bricks, where the components are made up of garbage and sand. The benefits of preparing SWB are to protect people's health, reduce waste, and reduce the potential for burning trash in Nagrak's village. This program is quite attractive to the public. Communities participate in program socialisation, preparation, and building Safe Water Brick (SWB) and Safe Water Gardens (SWG). The community works together in various roles, from supervising, assisting with labour, providing food supplies, and providing construction materials

Studi Identifikasi Karakteristik Anorganik PM10 terhadap Mortalitas dan Morbiditas di Udara Ambien pada Kawasan Pemukiman

ABSTRAKPM10 merupakan partikulat dengan ukuran < 10 µm. PM10 sering dikaitkan dengan kenaikan mortalitas dan morbiditas. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan di Kawasan Pemukiman Kota Bandung diperoleh  Konsentrasi PM10 sebesar 54.41 µg/Nm3. Angka ini jika dibandingkan dengan baku mutu PM10 untuk pengukuran 24 jam dalam PP No.41 Tahun 1999 masih dalam batas yang diperbolehkan (<150 µg/Nm3). Komposisi anorganik PM10 yang diperoleh berdasarkan konsentrasi terbesar hingga terkecil adalah Natrium (Na), Kalsium (Ca), Kalium (K), Timbal (Pb), Magnesium (Mg), Mangan (Mn), Kadmium (Cd), Seng (Zn), Nikel (Ni), Tembaga (Cu), Kromium (Cr), Kobalt (Co), Arsen (As), dan Merkuri (Hg). Unsur anorganik yang berhubungan dengan morbiditas adalah Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Mangan (Mn), Seng (Zn), Kadmium (Cd), Kromium (Cr), Tembaga (Cu), Kobalt (Co), Arsen (As), Sedangkan unsur anorganik yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas adalah Timbal (Pb), Arsen (As), Kobalt (Co), Tembaga (Cu), Kalium (K) dan Merkuri (Hg). Kata kunci: Morbiditas, Mortalitas, PM10 ABSTRACTPM10 is particulate matter with a size < 10 μm. PM10 is often associated with increasing mortality and morbidity. Results of research conducted in the area of Bandung settlement obtained PM10 concentrations by 54.41 μg/Nm3. This figure when compared to the quality standard for the measurement of 24-hour PM10 in PP 41 of 1999 is still within the limits allowed (<150 μg/Nm3). Inorganic composition of PM10 concentrations obtained by largest to smallest are Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Lead (Pb), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Arsenic (As), and Mercury (Hg). Elements of inorganic-related morbidity is Sodium (Na), Kalium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), cobalt (Co ), Arsenic (As), while inorganic elements that can affect the mortality is Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Kalium (K), and Mercury (Hg). Keywords: Morbidity, Mortality, PM1

Penentuan Efisiensi penyisihan Kromium Heksavalen (Cr6+) dengan Adsorpsi menggunakan Tempurung Kelapa secara kontinyu

AbstrakKeberadaan logam Kromium yang berasal dari air buangan industri di sungai memberikan dampak terhadap lingkungan dan dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia. Logam Kromium pada air buangan industri dijumpai berupa Kromium trivalent (Cr3+) dan Kromium heksavalen (Cr6+). Cr6+ memiliki sifat yang lebih tosik dibandingkan Cr3+ sehingga dapat menimbulkan uklus pada jaringan kulit dan menyebabkan peradangan pada rongga hidung pada jangka panjang. Salah satu upaya untuk mengendalikan Cr6+ dengan adsorpsi menggunakan tempurung kelapa sistem kontinyu. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui penyisihan Cr6+ dalam skala laboratorium dengan menggunakan larutan artificial K2Cr2O7. Penelitian pendahulun adalah adsorpsi sistem batch bertujuan  untuk mendapatkan waktu serta konsentrasi optimum. Hasil dari waktu optimum 3 jam dan konsentrasi Cr6+ 5 mg/L dengan menggunakan 5 g tempurung kelapa,  dilanjutkan oleh adsorpsi dengan sistem  kontinyu yang merupakan penelitian inti. Hasil waktu dan konsentrasi optimum pada penelitian sistem batch dikombinasikan dengan 6 variasi debit (Q = 100 L/menit & 120 L/menit) dan tinggi adsorben (10, 15, & 20 cm). Keenam variasi tersebut dipompakan melewati  kolom yang berukuran tinggi 80 cm, diameter luar 5 cm, diameter dalam 4 cm, dan berbahan borosilikat. Dari hasil penelitian didapat efisiensi penyisihan Cr6+ terbesar 39,35%(100 L/menit;20cm) dan efisiensi penyisihan Cr6+ terkecil 22,95% (120 L/menit;15 cm).Kata kunci: Kromium Heksavalen, Adsorpsi, Tempurung Kelapa

Karakteristik Anorganik PM10 di Udara Ambien terhadap Mortalitas dan Morbiditas pada Kawasan Industri di Kota Bandung

ABSTRAKPencemaran udara merupakan permasalahan yang sedang berkembang saat ini, khususnya di Kota Bandung. Salah satu jenis pencemar udara adalah partikulat. Karena sifatnya yang aerodinamis partikulat dapat masuk ke dalah tubuh. Dampak yang dapat ditimbulkan dari adanya partikulat dalam tubuh, yaitu memicu terjadinya gangguan saluran pernapasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak komposisi anorganik partikulat terhadap mortalitas dan morbiditas. Pemantauan kualitas udara ambien yang mewakili kawasan industri dipantau di kawasan Cisaranten Wetan. Konsentrasi PM10 yang terukur sebesar 40,524 µg/N.m3. Komposisi anorganik yang dapat menyebabkan ISPA adalah Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, As, sedangkan komposisi anorganik yang tidak menyebabkan ISPA adalah Hg, Fe, Ni dan Pb. Parameter morbiditas yang diukur dengan insidensi ISPA 2011 sebanyak 263 kasus dari 1000 penduduk dan parameter mortalitas menggunakan AKK sejumlah 2 kasus dari 1000 penduduk. Kata kunci: PM10, mortalitas, morbiditas ABSTRACTAir pollution is a problem that is being developed at this time, especially in the city of Bandung. One type of air pollutant is particulate. Because of its aerodynamic dalah particulates can enter the body. Impacts that may result from the presence of particulates in the body, namely the emergence of respiratory diseases and skin diseases. This study aims to determine the impact of the composition of inorganic particulates on mortality and morbidity. Ambient air quality monitoring that represent the industry in the region Cisaranten Wetan monitored. PM10 concentrations measured at 40.524 μg/N.m3. Inorganic composition which can cause respiratory infection is the Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, As, while the inorganic composition that does not lead to ISPA is Hg, Fe, Ni and Pb. Parameters measured by the incidence of morbidity 2011 as many as 263 cases of ARI of 1000 population and mortality parameters using a CDR 2 cases out of 1000 inhabitants. Keywords: PM10, mortality, morbidit

Identifikasi Timbulan Sampah di Pasar Induk Caringin Bandung

AbstrakBesarnya timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan tidak sebanding dengan upaya pengelolaan yang oleh pihak KOPPAS (Koperasi Pasar) terlihat dari kondisi sampah yang berserakan di mana-mana. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian ini agar dapat mengetahui besar timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai dasar perencanaan pengelolaan sampah di Pasar Induk Caringin. Pengukuran timbulan sampah dilakukan sesuai dengan metode dalam SNI 19-3964-19914. Data yang diambil adalah berat sampah dan luas bangunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan total timbulan sampah di Pasar Induk Caringin Bandung sebesar 1,64 kg/m2/ atau 7,44 liter/m2/hari. terdiri dari 16 pedagang seperti pedagang sayur, buah dan ikan basah. Kelompok kedua terdiri dari Sembilan pedagang terdiri dari pedagang  daging, beras kelontongan 2 lantai, kelontongan 3 lantai, grosir, elektronik, kosmetik pakaian jadi, kue dan plastik. Dan 3 area antara lain adalah area ruko, los dan kaki lima.Kata kunci: Timbulan sampah, Pasar, berat

Penentuan Konsentrasi Gas Metan di Udara Zona 4 TPA Sumur Batu Kota Bekasi

ABSTRAKTPA secara open dumping di Indonesia berpotensi mengemisikan gas metan sebagai gas rumah kaca hasil dekomposisi sampah langsung ke atmosfer. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan konsentrasi gas metan di udara ambien zona 4 TPA Sumur Batu Kota Bekasi yang dibagi kedalam 7 grid. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengukur gas metan dengan menggunakan gas detector. Hasil pengukuran menunjukan konsentrasi gas metan rata-rata dari zona 4 sebesar 433.434,572 g/m3. Pengukuran ini dipengaruhi oleh kondisi meteorologi dan penggunaan sampling sesaat. Hasil pengukuran ini lebih besar jika dibandingkan baku mutu dari Amerika yaitu sebesar 160 g/m3. Besarnya konsentrasi gas metan yang dihasilkan zona 4 dapat meningkatkan efek rumah kaca, maka perlu dilakukan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan gas metan hasil produksi zona 4.Kata kunci: konsentrasi gas metan, gas detectorABSTRACTOpen dumping sites in Indonesia emit methane as greenhouse gas from waste decomposition directly to the atmosphere. This study intents to determine methane gas concentration in ambient air at zona 4 TPA Sumur Batu Kota Bekasi which was divided into 7 grids. Concentrations were determined using gas detector. Measurement results showed that average methane gas concentration from zone 4 was 433.434,572 g/m3. Measurement results was influenced by meteorological conditions and the use of grab sample. The concentration was greater than the USA standard. Hence it will enhance greenhouse effect. So it is necessary to manage and utilize methane gas produced by zone 4. Keywords: methane gas concentration, gas detecto